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Prometheus

         In Hesiod's Theogony, men are almost always mentioned "the deathless gods and mortal men." This emphasizes the hierarchy of gods and goddesses and mankind. This is how men are often mentioned in the Theogony, and I think most of the time men are mentioned, it is to emphasize the control of the gods over humans. On line 264, Hesiod writes "plague of men," and around line 442, Zeus knowingly wishes evil on mankind. Prometheus is one of only a few gods who seem to go as far as liking humans. Others simply pick sides in human affairs or openly hate them (Zeus). When Prometheus gave them fire, Zeus gave them more evil, Pandora. Women were made as evil for mortal men, and there is no escaping their evil. In Prometheus Bound, Aeschylus portrays humans as "like shapes of dreams they spent their whole lives shuffling things together in random patterns" and "like children in their wits" until Prometheus intervenes (443-450). They lived in holes in the ground and had no certainties, but Prometheus gave them numbers, letters, medicine, augury, domesticated ox and horses, prophecy, and more. Before Prometheus helped humans, they seemed like they were absolutely no threat to the gods. Humans seemed to merely exist. Aeschylus makes it seem like Prometheus was the best thing to ever happen to the humans, but Prometheus also provided the gateway for humans harming Earth. He domesticated nature. He is the one who yoked ox (allowed for farming/tilling) and gave man the ability to travel and spread their impact. 

     Around line 453 is when Hesiod begins talking about how Prometheus gave fire to mankind, and Hesiod never details how helpful it is for mankind. Aeschylus does. According to Hesiod, "Zeus, who knows all things forever, knew and recognized the trick, but he intended evil for mortal man, which was to come to pass" (442-444). In Prometheus Bound, Zeus sent Hermes to find out the name of the woman that would bear his son that was destined to defeat him (947-950). This seems to disagree with Hesiod's omnipotent Zeus. Prometheus is seen as a heroic and brave figure in Prometheus Bound, helping mankind even though he knew the suffering he would go through (100-103). In the Theogony, Prometheus is repeatedly reduced to a clever trickster (409-410). Aeschylus also gives Prometheus sympathizers (Hephaestus, Chorus, Ocean) while Hesiod never mentions any. He only says Zeus is ok with Heracles releasing Prometheus because he realized that Prometheus "had matched wits with the mighty son of Kronos" (428-429). One thing that I found interesting from Prometheus Bound, starting around line 89 Prometheus is calling on the environment (air, winds, rivers, ocean waves, earth) to recognize his suffering at the hands of Zeus. At the end, starting at line 1080, the environment he was calling on at the beginning is being used against him, and most are the exact elements he called on in the beginnings (earth begins to quake, whirlwinds spin dust, winds leap madly, upper air mingled with ocean). I also saw irony in the fact that Prometheus negatively mentions fire since it is what he gifted humans, the reason he was being punished. In the last 3 lines of Prometheus Bound, Prometheus addresses his mother Earth and says "Majesty of my mother Earth, bright sky that lets the common light whirl round, you see me here, and see my lot: injustice." I thought it was interesting he was calling out to mother Earth.

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