20SP_EH362A-Renaissances (cat. 1)

The Internet Classics Archive | Symposium by Plato

Aristophanes professed to open another vein of discourse; he had a mind to praise Love in another way, unlike that either of Pausanias or Eryximachus. Mankind; he said, judging by their neglect of him, have never, as I think, at all understood the power of Love. For if they had understood him they would surely have built noble temples and altars, and offered solemn sacrifices in his honour; but this is not done, and most certainly ought to be done: since of all the gods he is the best friend of men, the helper and the healer of the ills which are the great impediment to the happiness of the race. I will try to describe his power to you, and you shall teach the rest of the world what I am teaching you. In the first place, let me treat of the nature of man and what has happened to it; for the original human nature was not like the present, but different. The sexes were not two as they are now, but originally three in number; there was man, woman, and the union of the two, having a name corresponding to this double nature, which had once a real existence, but is now lost, and the word "Androgynous" is only preserved as a term of reproach. In the second place, the primeval man was round, his back and sides forming a circle; and he had four hands and four feet, one head with two faces, looking opposite ways, set on a round neck and precisely alike; also four ears, two privy members, and the remainder to correspond. He could walk upright as men now do, backwards or forwards as he pleased, and he could also roll over and over at a great pace, turning on his four hands and four feet, eight in all, like tumblers going over and over with their legs in the air; this was when he wanted to run fast. Now the sexes were three, and such as I have described them; because the sun, moon, and earth are three;-and the man was originally the child of the sun, the woman of the earth, and the man-woman of the moon, which is made up of sun and earth, and they were all round and moved round and round: like their parents. Terrible was their might and strength, and the thoughts of their hearts were great, and they made an attack upon the gods; of them is told the tale of Otys and Ephialtes who, as Homer says, dared to scale heaven, and would have laid hands upon the gods. Doubt reigned in the celestial councils. Should they kill them and annihilate the race with thunderbolts, as they had done the giants, then there would be an end of the sacrifices and worship which men offered to them; but, on the other hand, the gods could not suffer their insolence to be unrestrained.

At last, after a good deal of reflection, Zeus discovered a way. He said: "Methinks I have a plan which will humble their pride and improve their manners; men shall continue to exist, but I will cut them in two and then they will be diminished in strength and increased in numbers; this will have the advantage of making them more profitable to us. They shall walk upright on two legs, and if they continue insolent and will not be quiet, I will split them again and they shall hop about on a single leg." He spoke and cut men in two, like a sorb-apple which is halved for pickling, or as you might divide an egg with a hair; and as he cut them one after another, he bade Apollo give the face and the half of the neck a turn in order that the man might contemplate the section of himself: he would thus learn a lesson of humility. Apollo was also bidden to heal their wounds and compose their forms. So he gave a turn to the face and pulled the skin from the sides all over that which in our language is called the belly, like the purses which draw in, and he made one mouth at the centre, which he fastened in a knot (the same which is called the navel); he also moulded the breast and took out most of the wrinkles, much as a shoemaker might smooth leather upon a last; he left a few, however, in the region of the belly and navel, as a memorial of the primeval state. After the division the two parts of man, each desiring his other half, came together, and throwing their arms about one another, entwined in mutual embraces, longing to grow into one, they were on the point of dying from hunger and self-neglect, because they did not like to do anything apart; and when one of the halves died and the other survived, the survivor sought another mate, man or woman as we call them, being the sections of entire men or women, and clung to that. They were being destroyed, when Zeus in pity of them invented a new plan: he turned the parts of generation round to the front, for this had not been always their position and they sowed the seed no longer as hitherto like grasshoppers in the ground, but in one another; and after the transposition the male generated in the female in order that by the mutual embraces of man and woman they might breed, and the race might continue; or if man came to man they might be satisfied, and rest, and go their ways to the business of life: so ancient is the desire of one another which is implanted in us, reuniting our original nature, making one of two, and healing the state of man.

Each of us when separated, having one side only, like a flat fish, is but the indenture of a man, and he is always looking for his other half. Men who are a section of that double nature which was once called Androgynous are lovers of women; adulterers are generally of this breed, and also adulterous women who lust after men: the women who are a section of the woman do not care for men, but have female attachments; the female companions are of this sort. But they who are a section of the male follow the male, and while they are young, being slices of the original man, they hang about men and embrace them, and they are themselves the best of boys and youths, because they have the most manly nature. Some indeed assert that they are shameless, but this is not true; for they do not act thus from any want of shame, but because they are valiant and manly, and have a manly countenance, and they embrace that which is like them. And these when they grow up become our statesmen, and these only, which is a great proof of the truth of what I am saving. When they reach manhood they are loves of youth, and are not naturally inclined to marry or beget children,-if at all, they do so only in obedience to the law; but they are satisfied if they may be allowed to live with one another unwedded; and such a nature is prone to love and ready to return love, always embracing that which is akin to him. And when one of them meets with his other half, the actual half of himself, whether he be a lover of youth or a lover of another sort, the pair are lost in an amazement of love and friendship and intimacy, and would not be out of the other's sight, as I may say, even for a moment: these are the people who pass their whole lives together; yet they could not explain what they desire of one another. For the intense yearning which each of them has towards the other does not appear to be the desire of lover's intercourse, but of something else which the soul of either evidently desires and cannot tell, and of which she has only a dark and doubtful presentiment. Suppose Hephaestus, with his instruments, to come to the pair who are lying side, by side and to say to them, "What do you people want of one another?" they would be unable to explain. And suppose further, that when he saw their perplexity he said: "Do you desire to be wholly one; always day and night to be in one another's company? for if this is what you desire, I am ready to melt you into one and let you grow together, so that being two you shall become one, and while you live a common life as if you were a single man, and after your death in the world below still be one departed soul instead of two-I ask whether this is what you lovingly desire, and whether you are satisfied to attain this?"-there is not a man of them who when he heard the proposal would deny or would not acknowledge that this meeting and melting into one another, this becoming one instead of two, was the very expression of his ancient need. And the reason is that human nature was originally one and we were a whole, and the desire and pursuit of the whole is called love. There was a time, I say, when we were one, but now because of the wickedness of mankind God has dispersed us, as the Arcadians were dispersed into villages by the Lacedaemonians. And if we are not obedient to the gods, there is a danger that we shall be split up again and go about in basso-relievo, like the profile figures having only half a nose which are sculptured on monuments, and that we shall be like tallies.

Wherefore let us exhort all men to piety, that we may avoid evil, and obtain the good, of which Love is to us the lord and minister; and let no one oppose him-he is the enemy of the gods who oppose him. For if we are friends of the God and at peace with him we shall find our own true loves, which rarely happens in this world at present. I am serious, and therefore I must beg Eryximachus not to make fun or to find any allusion in what I am saying to Pausanias and Agathon, who, as I suspect, are both of the manly nature, and belong to the class which I have been describing. But my words have a wider application-they include men and women everywhere; and I believe that if our loves were perfectly accomplished, and each one returning to his primeval nature had his original true love, then our race would be happy. And if this would be best of all, the best in the next degree and under present circumstances must be the nearest approach to such an union; and that will be the attainment of a congenial love. Wherefore, if we would praise him who has given to us the benefit, we must praise the god Love, who is our greatest benefactor, both leading us in this life back to our own nature, and giving us high hopes for the future, for he promises that if we are pious, he will restore us to our original state, and heal us and make us happy and blessed. This, Eryximachus, is my discourse of love, which, although different to yours, I must beg you to leave unassailed by the shafts of your ridicule, in order that each may have his turn; each, or rather either, for Agathon and Socrates are the only ones left.

Galway Kinnell from The Book of nightmares

VIII

The Call Across the Valley of not Knowing

 

1

 

In the red house sinking down

into ground rot, a lamp

at one window, the smarled ashes letting

a single flame go free,

a shoe of dreaming iron nailed to the wall,

two mismatched halfnesses lying side by side in the darkness

I can feel with my hand

the foetus rouse himself

with a huge fishy thrash, and re-settle in the darkness.

 

Her hair glowing in the firelight,

her breasts full,

her belly swollen,

a sunset of firelight

wavering all down one side, my wife sleeps on,

happy,

far away, in some other,

newly opened room of the world.

 

2

 

Sweat breaking from his temples,

Aristophanes ran off

at the mouth--- made it all up, nightmared it all up

on the spur

of that moment which has stabbed us ever since:

that each  of us

is a torn half

whose lost other we keep seeking across time

until we die, or give up---

or actually find her:

 

as I myself in an Ozark

Airlines DC-6 droning over

towns made of crossroads, headed down

into Waterloo, Iowa, actually found her,

held her face a few hours

in my hands; and for reasons--- cowardice,

loyalties, all which goes by the name “necessity”---

left her...

 

3

 

And yet I think

it must be the wound, the wound itself,

which lets us know and love,

which forces us to reach out to our misfit

and by a kind

of poetry of the soul, accomplish,

for a moment, the wholeness the drunk Greek

extrapolated from his high

or flagellated out of an empty heart,

 

that purest,

most tragic concumbence, strangers

clasped into one, a moment, of their moment on earth.

 

4

 

She who lies halved

beside me --- she and I once

watched the bees, dreamers not yet

dipped into the acids

of the craving for anything, not yet burned down into flies, sucking

the blossom-dust

from the pear-tree in spring,

we two

lay out together

under the tree, on earth, beside our empty clothes,

our bodies opened to the sky

floated down

and the bees glittered in the blossoms

and the bodies of our hearts

opened

under the knowledge

of tree, on the grass of the knowledge

of graves, and among the flowers of flowers.

 

And the brain kept blossoming

all through the body, until the bones themselves could think,

and the genitals sent out wave after wave of holy desire

until even the dead brain cells

surged and fell in god-like androgynous fantasies ---

and I understood

the unicorn's phallus could have risen, after all,

directly out of thought itself.

 

5

 

Of that time in a Southern jail,

when the sheriff, as he cursed me

and spat, took my hand in his hand, rocked

from the pulps the whorls

and tented archways into the tabooed realm, that  underlife

where the canaries of the blood are singing, pressed

the flesh-flowers

into the dirty book of the

police-blotter, afterwards what I remembered most

was the care, the almost loving,

animal gentleness of his hand on my hand

 

Better than the rest of us, he knows

the harshness of the cubicle

in hell where they put you

with all your desires undiminished, and with no body to appease them.

 

And when he himself floats out

on a sea he almost begins to remember,

floats out into a darkness he has known already;

when, the moan of wind

and the gasp of lungs call to each other among the waves

and the wish to float

comes to matter not at all as he sinks under

 

is it so impossible to think

he will dream back to all the hands black and white

he took in his hands

as the creation

touches him a last time all over his body?

 

6

 

Suppose I had stayed

with that woman of Waterloo, suppose

we had met on a hill called Safa, in our own country,

that we had lain out on the grass

and looked into each other's blindness, under leaf-shadows

wavering across our bodies in the drifts of sun,

our faces

inclined toward each other, as hens

incline their faces

when the heat flows from the warmed egg

back into the whole being, and the silver moon

had stood still for us in the middle of heaven---

 

I think I might have closed my eyes, and moved

from then on like one of the born blind,

their faces

gone into heaven already.

 

7

 

We who live out our plain lives, who put

our hand into the hand of whatever we love

as it vanishes,

as we vanish,

and stumble toward what will be, simply by arriving,

a kind of fate,

 

some field, maybe, of flaked stone

scattered in the starlight

where the flesh

swaddles its skeleton a last time

before the bones go their way without us,

 

might we not hear, even then,

the bear call

from his hillside --- a call, like ours, needing

to be answered --- and the dam-bear

call back across the darkness

of the valley of not-knowing

the only word tongues can shape without intercession,

 

yes...yes...?

 

X